Friday, November 19, 2010

Il congiuntivo

The Congiuntivo Presente is normally used…

1. after the conjunction che (that), following verbs which express wishes, thoughts, believes, and doubts, such as volere (to want), sperare (to hope), pensare (to think), credere (to believe), dubitare (to doubt). Here are some examples: Giovanni vuole che lo aiutiate a ridipingere la camera (Giovanni wants you [plural] to help him repaint the bedroom);speriamo che domani non piova (let’s hope that tomorrow it won’t rain); Lucia pensa che Mariaparta oggi per le vacanze (Lucia thinks that Maria is leaving today for her holidays); mi stupisco che tu sia ancora qui (I’m surprised that you are still here); ho paura che Carlo non ce la faccia a superare l’esame (I’m worried that Carlo won’t be able to pass the exam).

2. to give polite orders when using the lei form, e.g. Parli più lentamente, per piacere (speak more slowly, please); Cliente: Mi scusi! Cameriere: Mi dica Cliente: Un cappuccino, per piacere(Customer: Excuse me! Waiter: yes sir [literally: tell me]. Customer: A cappuccino, please).

3. after impersonal verbs followed by the conjunction che, such as bisogna che (it’s necessary that), basta che (it’s enough/sufficient that), si dice che (it is said that), e.g. bisogna che Carlo studi di più (lit. it’s necessary that Carlo studies more, or: it’s necessary for Carlo to study more); basta che tu mi dica con che treno arriverai (it’s sufficient that you tell me which train you’ll arrive with, or more simply: just tell me which train you’re arriving on); si dice che questa sia una leggenda (this is said to be a legend).

4. after impersonal constructions such as è facile / difficile che (it’s likely / unlikely that), è meglio che (it’s better that), è un peccato che (it’s a pity that), non è giusto che (it’s unfair that), e.g. È un peccato che tu non possa venire (it’s a pity that you can’t come); non è giusto che sia sempre io a lavare i piatti (it’s unfair that it’s always me that has to wash the dishes);è meglio che veniate oggi pomeriggio (it’s better that you [plural] come this afternoon).

5. following conjunctions built with che, such as prima che (before), affinché (so that, in order that), a meno che (unless), nel caso che (in case), e.g. dobbiamo partire prima che facciabuio (we must leave before it gets dark); ti aiuto affinché tu possa superare l’esame (I’m helping you so that you can pass the exam).

To make the congiuntivo presente of regular verbs, remove the ending from the infinitive form of the verb, i.e. -are, -ere, or -ire, and add the following:

for verbs ending in –are add –i –i –i –iamo –iate –ino, for example:

Parlare (to speak):

Io parli, tu parli, lui parli, lei parli, noi parliamo, voi parliate, loro parlino

for verbs ending in –ere, and –ire add –a –a –a –iamo –iate –ano, for example:

Credere (to believe):

Io creda, tu creda, lui creda, lei creda, noi crediamo, voi crediate, loro credano

Dormire (to sleep):

Io dorma, tu dorma, lui dorma, lei dorma, noi dormiamo, voi dormiate, loro dormano

Verbs ending in –ire which use the suffix –isco in the normal present tense (presente indicativo), follow the same rule in the present subjunctive, e.g.

Capire (to understand):

Io capisca, tu capisca, lui capisca, lei capisca, noi capiamo, voi capiate, loro capiscano

As you can see from the above examples the singular forms of the congiuntivo presente, io, tu, lui, lei, all use the same ending, therefore in order to avoid confusion we tend to use the appropriate personal pronoun , e.g. Penso che tu sia ammalato (I think that you are ill).

However, beware that many common verbs, such as essere (to be) and avere (to have) are irregular!

a list of the most useful irregular verbs conjugated in the present subjunctive:

Essere (to be): io sia, tu sia, lui/lei sia, noi siamo, voi siate, loro siano

Avere (to have): io abbia, tu abbia, lui/lei abbia, noi abbiamo, voi abbiate, loro abbiano

Andare (to go): io vada, tu vada, lui/lei vada, noi andiamo, voi andiate, loro vadano

Dare (to give): io dia, tu dia, lui/lei dia, noi diamo, voi diate, loro diano

Dire (to say): io dica, tu dica, lui/lei dica, noi diciamo, voi diciate, loro dicano

Dovere (to have to): io debba, tu debba, lui/lei debba, noi dobbiamo, voi dobbiate, loro debbano

Fare (to do, to make): io faccia, tu faccia, lui/lei faccia, noi facciamo, voi facciate, loro facciano

Potere (to be able to): io possa, tu possa, lui/lei possa, noi possiamo, voi possiate, loro possano

Rimanere (to remain): io rimanga, tu rimanga, lui/lei rimanga, noi rimaniamo, voi rimaniate, loro rimangano

Sapere (to know): io sappia, tu sappia, lui/lei sappia, noi sappiamo, voi sappiate, loro sappiano

Stare (to stay): io stia, tu stia, lui/lei stia, noi stiamo, voi stiate, loro stiano

Tenere (to hold): io tenga, tu tenga, lui/lei tenga, noi teniamo, voi teniate, loro tengano

Uscire (to exit): io esca, tu esca, lui/lei esca, noi usciamo, voi usciate, loro escano

Venire (to come): io venga, tu venga, lui/lei venga, noi veniamo, voi veniate, loro vengano

Volere (to want): io voglia, tu voglia, lui/lei voglia, noi vogliamo, voi vogliate, loro vogliano

LE FORME

The chapter in pdf about congiuntivo : http://www.loescher.it/studiareitaliano/download/Scheda30_IlCongiuntivo.pdf


Wednesday, September 15, 2010

materials for learning swedish


http://www.languages-study.com/svenska-links.html

http://svspb.net/html/sv.php

http://rizber.ucoz.ru/search/svenska/

radio stations> http://sverigesradio.se/sida/spelaren.aspx

Wednesday, August 11, 2010

Money and making money...seems easy but

Alex Yemenidjian, chairman of MGM, in a hallway at the company. His management style rankles some. "The process of making decisions by building consensus is for Washington," he said.

http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/26/business/yourmoney/26mgm.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1

Wednesday, August 4, 2010

The Vault Guide to Finance Interviews

Vault Guide to Finance Interviews, 2005

Vault cooks them like Christmas panettone...apparently every year they have a new edition of the book to charge us for our pursuit to charge other people . They call themselves the leader in career intelligence...so let's pick up some intelligence in a way as it should be, free.... of charge.
File size: 1.5 MB
File type: PDF
Product description a la an ad> This unique guide is loaded with sample questions, charts, formulas, and frameworks covering everything from accounting concepts to bond pricing, interest and exchange rate. Job seekers can prep for their tough finance interviews with investment banks and investment management firms.
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Wednesday, May 5, 2010

Information systems (the best core ideas)

IS are the software and hardware systems that support data-intensive applications.
systems operate within systems.
IS is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. Business firms, other organizations, and individuals in contemporary society rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete in the marketplace, supply services, and augment personal lives. For instance, modern corporations rely on computerized information systems to process financial accounts and manage human resources; municipal governments rely on information systems to provide basic services to its citizens; and individuals use information systems to study, shop, bank, and invest. (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287895/information-system)

Information is the critical ingredient for the operation and management of any organization.

Information systems (IS) is a coordinated collection of information subsystems that are rationally integrated to collect, store, process, retrieve, disseminate, and communicate information for the support of operations, management, and decision-making functions in business and other organizations. The objective of IS is to enhance productivity by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes. (further > http://www-afa.adm.ohio-state.edu/u-majors/pdf/infosys.pdf )

Information systems emphasizes the application of information technology in business and other organizations. Computers and other information technologies are the technical foundations or the tools of information systems. However, both technical skills and knowledge of business processes and practice are needed to be able to properly envision, design, implement, integrate, evaluate, and manage computer-based solutions to business problems.
The goal is to produce solutions that transform data into information and knowledge that is useful for individuals and organizations.
A business is an organization comprised of multiple workers, interdependent in the tasks they perform.
http://docs.globaltext.terry.uga.edu:8095/anonymous/webdav/Information%20Systems/Information%20Systems.pdf
business functions
Specialized tasks performed in a business organization, including manufacturing and production, sales and marketing, finance, accounting, and human resources.
The business model is simply a working description that includes the general details about the operations of a business. The components that are contained within a business model will address all functions of a business, including such factors as the expenses, revenues, operating strategies, corporate structure, and sales and marketing procedures.
image is taken from http://www.telco2.net/blog/2007/05/the_telco_20_methodology_busin.html

Friday, April 2, 2010

Traveling cheap over Europe

Euroflights.info useful site to plan a trip

My links to budget air lines in Europe:
www.ryanair.com UK air company, the biggest budget air carrier to numerious routs
www.easyjet.com UK
www.jet2.com
UK
www.airberlin.com German
www.germanwings.com German
www.transavia.com Dutch
http://wizzair.com Polish / Hungarian
www.aerlingus.com Irish
www.cimber.com Danish
www.blue1.com Finnish
http://www.wingo.fi/inet/wingo/en/akp.nsf Finnish
http://www.finavia.fi/home Tampere airport (Finland) - one can see the destinations available
www.airbaltic.com Latvian (Riga)
www.norwegian.com/en/ Norway
www.brusselsairlines.com/com/ Belgium
http://w1.volawindjet.it/default.aspx?lang=en Italy
www.meridiana.it/en/index.aspx Italy
http://www.flyonair.it/ Italy
www.vueling.com Spanish